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    Surveillance of Antibiotic Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria from Industrial Wastewater in Nairobi

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    Date
    2025
    Author
    Muthoni, Esther
    Mbogo, Kevin
    Mutoro, Christine
    Kagendo, Dorothy
    Marangu, Victor Mwiti
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    Abstract
    The  environmental  dispersal  of  antibiotic  resistant  bacteria  (ARB)  and  antibiotic  resistance  genes (ARGs)  represents  an  increasing  global  public  health  concern.  This  challenge  is  especially pronounced in low and middle-income countries where industrial wastewater management remains inadequate.  Industrial  wastewater  serves  as  a  reservoir  of  antibiotic  resistant  microorganisms. These  microorganisms  facilitate  the  transfer  of  resistance  traits  within  natural  ecosystems  and ultimately  to  human  populations  through  direct  contact,  the  food  chain  or  through  contaminated water  sources.  The  present  study  examined  the  occurrence  of  antibiotic  resistant  bacteria  in industrial wastewater in Nairobi County, Kenya and evaluated their sensitivity profiles to commonly used  antibiotics.  A  total  of  101  bacterial  isolates  were  recovered  from  the  samples  including Klebsiella   pneumoniae(37.6%),   Escherichia   coli(36.6%)   and Pseudomonas   aeruginosa. (25.7%).  Antibiotic sensitivity  profiles  were  determined  using  the  disc  diffusion  method  against  ten commonly  used  antibiotics.  High  resistance  was  observed  to  ampicillin  (88.1%),  trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole   (54.4%),   and   tetracycline   (45.5%).   Moderate   resistance   was   observed   to ceftriaxone  (45.5%)  and  ciprofloxacin  (22.7%)  while  the  lowest  resistance  rates  were  recorded  for levofloxacin (9.9%) and gentamicin (8.9%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibited 100% resistance to both   trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole   and   tetracycline.   Multidrug   resistance   being   defined   as resistance to more than three classes of antibiotics was notably high among Klebsiella pneumoniae(47.4%)  and  also Escherichia  coli(29.7%).  These  findings  are  consistent  with  global  reports  that document   perseverance   of   antibiotic   resistant   bacteria   in   aquatic   environments   exposed   to industrial   contamination.   The   high   resistance   levels   detected   especially   with   the   frequently dispensed  antibiotics,  highlights  the  probable  health  risks  posed  by  environmental  exposure  to untreated  or  partially  treated  industrial  discharge.  This  study  highlights  the  role  of  industrial wastewater  as  a  significant  reservoir  of  multidrug  resistant  bacteria  and  underscores  the  urgent need  for  policy  action  and  better  wastewater  management  as  well  as  integration  of  antimicrobial stewardship into both public health and environmental policy frameworks
    URI
    10.9734/CSJI/2025/v34i3966
    http://repository.must.ac.ke/handle/123456789/1536
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